Section C
Principles and strategies to address climate change
We are already at a point where our actions have resulted in changes to the climate, albeit to different degrees in different parts of the world. Many physical aspects of climate change are reversible and can be addressed by improving our behaviour. Many environmental consequences of climate change are irreversible – eg species extinction.
Addressing climate change and its impacts requires a holistic approach implemented at a global level using both top-down and bottom-up strategies.
Higher education establishments operate at a scale which can make a practical difference at a regional level while influencing behaviour at an international level.
Making the best use of existing buildings on the estate and sharing knowledge and experience are significant tools to drive positive change. Development proposals should be needs-driven, optimised across a broad range of parameters, to touch the earth as lightly as possible while also preparing for the future. Estates teams should consider individual developments in the context of a climate change strategy at the largest scale possible.
Greenhouse gas emissions
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions primarily originate from fossil fuel combustion, deforestation, agriculture and industrial processes, such as cement manufacturing. The burning of coal, oil, and natural gas for energy production and transportation releases substantial amounts of carbon dioxide (CO₂), the most prevalent greenhouse gas. Deforestation contributes to global warming by reducing Earth's capacity to absorb CO₂ through photosynthesis. Agriculture, especially livestock farming, emits methane (CH4) from enteric fermentation and manure management, while rice cultivation releases methane and nitrous oxide (N2O) from flooded fields and nitrogen-based fertilisers.
PV array on reclaimed steel frame for Entopia Building, Cambridge Institute of Sustainability Leadership.
Transitioning to renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind and hydropower, reduces reliance on fossil fuels and curbs CO₂ emissions. Promoting energy efficiency in buildings, transportation and industrial processes also helps reduce GHG emissions. Forest conservation, afforestation and reforestation efforts enhance carbon sinks, absorbing and storing CO₂ from the atmosphere. Sustainable agricultural practices, including precision farming, organic techniques, and improved manure management, minimise methane and N2O emissions.
Adopting circular economy principles that promote recycling, waste reduction and resource efficiency contributes to lowering emissions associated with production and consumption. Implementing these collective strategies is crucial for mitigating GHG emissions, combating global warming and fostering a sustainable future.
Buildings account for a significant portion of UK energy consumption and GHG emissions. The principal energy uses in buildings are for heating, cooling, lighting and appliances. Improving insulation and sealing air leaks in the building envelope reduces heating and cooling needs. Energy-efficient HVAC systems, such as heat pumps, can replace traditional systems to minimise energy use, while energy-efficient lighting, and smart controls and sensors that adjust lighting and HVAC systems based on occupancy and daylight levels can optimise energy use. Refrigerant leakage is also a potentially significant contributor to GHG levels, so adopting low-GHP refrigerants and systems with low refrigerant volumes is an important mitigation approach.
Promoting energy-conscious behaviour among occupants, such as turning off lights and electronics when not in use, helps reduce unnecessary energy consumption. Adopting energy-efficient appliances with ENERGY STAR ratings further decreases electricity usage, while integrating renewable energy sources, such as solar panels, enables on-site clean energy generation.
Conducting regular energy audits and retrofits to identify and address energy inefficiencies is essential. Education and awareness programmes can also play a role in encouraging sustainable practices and conserving energy in buildings.
Pollution
Environmental pollution arises from various sources, including industrial activities, transportation, agriculture and waste management. Industrial pollution involves emissions of harmful substances into the air, water and soil from manufacturing processes and chemical plants. Vehicle emissions contribute to air pollution, primarily from the burning of fossil fuels. Agricultural pollution stems from the use of pesticides, fertilisers and improper waste management practices, leading to water and soil contamination. Improper waste disposal and inadequate waste treatment facilities result in the pollution of land, water bodies and the atmosphere.
Air pollution in Paris. Photo by Ioana Baciu on Unsplash.
Implementing stricter regulations and standards for industrial emissions and enforcing effective monitoring systems can help control and reduce industrial pollution. Promoting the use of cleaner fuels, electric vehicles and improving public transportation can mitigate air pollution caused by transportation. Sustainable farming practices, such as organic farming and precision agriculture, reduce chemical inputs and minimise agricultural pollution.
Adopting proper waste management practices, including recycling, composting and waste-to-energy initiatives, can significantly reduce pollution from improper waste disposal. Investing in advanced waste treatment technologies and infrastructure helps minimise the release of pollutants into the environment. Educating people about the importance of responsible waste management and promoting individual actions can also help reduce pollution.
Environmental awareness and implementing environmental education programmes can promote sustainable practices and behaviour changes. Collaborative efforts among governments, industries, communities and individuals are crucial to effectively reduce environmental pollution and safeguard the health and wellbeing of ecosystems as well as human populations.
Biodiversity
Loss of biodiversity is primarily caused by habitat destruction, overexploitation of natural resources, pollution, climate change and invasive species. Habitat destruction, including deforestation and land conversion, disrupts ecosystems and leads to the loss of species and their habitats. Overexploitation occurs when resources such as forests, fish and wildlife are harvested at unsustainable rates, jeopardising the survival of species. Pollution, including water and air pollution, contaminates ecosystems and affects the health of organisms. Climate change alters habitats, disrupts ecological processes, and poses challenges for species' adaptation. Invasive species outcompete native species, causing population declines and ecosystem imbalances.
Monoculture of wheat. Photo by Dave Beasley on Unsplash.
Protecting and restoring habitats through the establishment of protected areas, national parks and nature reserves is essential for preserving biodiversity. Implementing sustainable management practices for fisheries, forestry and agriculture ensures the responsible use of natural resources. Promoting sustainable and environmentally friendly practices in industries, such as reducing pollution and waste, helps mitigate negative impacts on biodiversity. Mitigating climate change through reducing GHG emissions and implementing adaptation strategies is crucial to protect ecosystems and species.
At a building and estate level, understanding the local ecology and implementing approaches which assist the transition to a warmer climate can make a significant contribution.
Controlling and managing invasive species through early detection, eradication and effective biosecurity measures can help prevent negative impacts on native biodiversity. Additionally, raising awareness and promoting education about the importance of biodiversity conservation fosters a sense of responsibility and encourages individuals and communities to take action.
Water
Water stress, the condition where water demand exceeds the available supply, is primarily caused by population growth, urbanisation, climate change and inefficient water management practices. It is becoming an increasingly important issue for the UK. The increasing population puts pressure on water resources, as more water is needed for domestic, agricultural and industrial purposes. Urbanisation leads to increased water demand for drinking, sanitation and industrial use. Climate change exacerbates water stress through alterations in precipitation patterns and increasing the frequency of droughts and floods. Inefficient water management practices, including inefficient irrigation systems and water wastage, also contribute to water stress.
